By 1935 he had failed to end fell to 7.7m by 1937 but rose to 10.4m in 1938 after govt cut spending.
The Depression only ended with WWII.
2. Damaged/did not help minority groups
Civil Rights not addressed; did not overrule discriminatory State Jim Crow laws.
AAA policies → job losses for unskilled Black workers in the South.
NRA allowed and CCC camps segregated.
was not extended to agricultural/domestic workers, which barred 55% of African American workers & 87% of wage-earning African American women from benefits.
Mexican continued to 1937; Latino workers excluded from NLRA protections.
3. Determined Opposition
a. Businessmen opposed worker protections & govt interference; eg Henry Ford attacked trade unionists.
b. Republicans criticized wasteful spending (eg ""); blocked New Deal laws post-1938.
c. Activists (eg s "Share the Wealth" & s pension scheme) claimed reforms ≠ go far enough.
d. State govts accused federal govt of taking their powers.
e. S struck down NRA & AAA, arguing they infringed state powers.
In 1937, Roosevelt proposed forcing old judges to retire & adding new ones, he was accused of trying to 'pack' the Court & becoming a .
Crisis ended when the Court reversed its decisions.
Successes
1. Relief
Millions benefited from relief, jobs, and mortgage support via Alphabet Agencies.
New laws (Social Security, Minimum Wage, Trade Unions) improved rights and conditions for workers.
Native Americans benefited from the INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT (1934), which stopped land losses, supported self-governance, and promoted cultural/economic devl.
No civil rights laws passed, but the FEDERAL COUNCIL OF NEGRO AFFAIRS (incl. Mary McLeod Bethune) gave advice to govt.
4. Restored faith in democracy
Preserved democracy in the USA (cf. Italy/Germany).
Redefined govts role in helping citizens.
Influenced future policies, eg the British Welfare State (1948).
Eleanor Roosevelts work helped draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
5. Roosevelt
Admired as a heroic leader, elected four times. Even critics acknowledge his lasting impact.
By 1935 he had failed to end UNEMPLOYMENT fell to 7.7m by 1937 but rose to 10.4m in 1938 after govt cut spending.
The Depression only ended with WWII.
2. Damaged/did not help minority groups
Civil Rights not addressed; did not overrule discriminatory State Jim Crow laws.
AAA policies → job losses for unskilled Black workers in the South.
NRA allowed RACIAL WAGE DIFFERENCES and CCC camps segregated.
UNEMPLOYMENT INSURANCE was not extended to agricultural/domestic workers, which barred 55% of African American workers & 87% of wage-earning African American women from benefits.
Mexican REPATRIATIONS continued to 1937; Latino workers excluded from NLRA protections.
3. Determined Opposition
a. Businessmen opposed worker protections & govt interference; eg Henry Ford attacked trade unionists.
b. Republicans criticized wasteful spending (eg "BOONDOGGLING"); blocked New Deal laws post-1938.
c. Activists (eg HUEY LONGs "Share the Wealth" & FRANCIS TOWNSENDs pension scheme) claimed reforms ≠ go far enough.
d. State govts accused federal govt of taking their powers.
e. SUPREME COURT struck down NRA & AAA, arguing they infringed state powers.
In 1937, Roosevelt proposed forcing old judges to retire & adding new ones, he was accused of trying to 'pack' the Court & becoming a DICTATOR.
Crisis ended when the Court reversed its decisions.
